Aeroelastic flutter produces hummingbird feather songs.

Supporting Online Material for Aeroelastic Flutter Produces Hummingbird Feather Songs

Hummingbird feather sounds are produced by aeroelastic flutter, not vortex-induced vibration.

Males in the 'bee' hummingbird clade produce distinctive, species-specific sounds with fluttering tail feathers during courtship displays. Flutter may be the result of vortex shedding or aeroelastic interactions. We investigated the underlying mechanics of flutter and sound production of a series of different feathers in a wind tunnel. All feathers tested were capable of fluttering at frequenci...

Structural resonance and mode of flutter of hummingbird tail feathers.

Feathers can produce sound by fluttering in airflow. This flutter is hypothesized to be aeroelastic, arising from the coupling of aerodynamic forces to one or more of the feather's intrinsic structural resonance frequencies. We investigated how mode of flutter varied among a sample of hummingbird tail feathers tested in a wind tunnel. Feather vibration was measured directly at ~100 points acros...

Flutter Produces Hummingbird Feather Songs

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Evaluation of 2-D Aeroelastic Models Based on Indicial Aerodynamic Theory and Vortex Lattice Method in Flutter and Gust Response Determination

Two 2-D aeroelastic models are presented here to determine instability boundary (flutter speed) and gust response of a typical section airfoil with degrees of freedom in pitch and plunge directions. To build these 2-D aeroelastic models, two different aerodynamic theories including Indicial Aerodynamic Theory and Vortex Lattice Method (VLM) have been employed. Also, a 3-D aeroelastic framework ...